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TERMS OF USE FOR LEAN IN GIRLS CURRICULUM

Your use of the Lean In Girls curriculum and any other materials that the Sandberg Goldberg Bernthal Family Foundation and its subsidiaries and affiliates including LeanIn.Org, LLC, and Lean In Girls, LLC (“SGB”) may make available to you on or through this website, including all related intellectual property and other proprietary rights of any kind (the “LIG Materials”) is subject to the terms below (the “LIG Terms”), in addition to the general terms available at leanin.org/terms (the “Terms of Service”). Capitalized terms used in these LIG Terms that are not otherwise defined have the meaning set forth in the Terms of Service. All of the provisions in the Terms of Service apply to the LIG Materials and are incorporated herein by reference. In the event of a conflict between the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, the provisions in these LIG Terms will control, but only with respect to the LIG Materials and not with respect to any other portion of Our Content. 

1. Use of the LIG Materials

1.1.  Ownership. You acknowledge that we own all right, title, and interest in and to the LIG Materials. Other than the rights granted in the Terms of Service and these LIG Terms, you have no right, title, or interest in or to the LIG Materials and we hereby expressly reserve all rights that are not granted under such terms.

1.2.  Use Rights. Subject to your compliance with these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including the use restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you may use the LIG Materials solely in furtherance of Lean In Girls’ mission of empowering girls, celebrating them as leaders, and inspiring them to lead boldly (the “LIG Mission”). You agree that you will use the LIG Materials solely for your personal, non-commercial purposes, and that you will not give any third party, whether directly or indirectly, access to the LIG Materials. The LIG Materials are not designed for people who want to create and sell courses and may not be sold or used to promote any particular service or product.

1.3. Additional Use Restrictions. In addition to the restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you acknowledge and agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, use the LIG Materials: (a) for any commercial or for-profit purpose, including selling or promoting any products or services; (b) in any manner that suggests that you are acting for or on behalf of SGB; (c) in any advertising, publicity releases, or promotional or marketing publications, or correspondence to third-party news sources or outlets without, in each case, securing SGB’s prior written consent; or (d) in any schools, educational institutions, or other facilities, unless you have secured all necessary consents, authorizations, or other approvals. You further agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, make any material alterations, modifications, or other changes, without SGB’s prior written consent, to any name, logo, trademark, or other proprietary indicia (including the SGB Trademarks) present on or appearing in the LIG Materials. You may not incorporate any materials or intellectual property owned by a third party into the LIG Materials without first obtaining the proper consent of the applicable third party. SGB will not be responsible for your use of any third party’s intellectual property or other proprietary rights in connection with the LIG Materials.

1.4  License Grant. By clicking the relevant box below indicting that you have read and agree to these LIG Terms, or by downloading, using, or accessing the LIG Materials, you hereby grant SGB a non-exclusive, revocable, royalty-free right and license to post, display, and use the name, logo, trademarks and service marks of you and any organization that you represent that uses the LIG Materials (“Your Marks”) on the Sites, SGB’s social media pages, and in other electronic communications, including in a list of any other organizations that have participated in the Lean In Girls program, in connection with SGB’s promotion of the LIG Mission or LIG Materials.  If you would like SGB to stop using Your Marks at any time, you must send a notice to SGB at the email address listed in Section 16 of the Terms of Service. Following SGB’s receipt of such notice, SGB will use reasonable efforts to remove Your Marks from the Sites and cease posting, displaying, and using Your Marks on SGB’s social media pages; provided that, SGB has no obligation to remove Your Marks from any archived versions of the Sites or from posts on SGB’s social media pages made prior to SGB’s receipt of your notice.

2. Use by Minors

2.1 Minors. SGB may make certain of our Services related to the LIG Mission, including access to and use of the LIG Materials, available to minors under the age of 13. If you are not yet of a legal age to form a binding contract, then you must get your parent or legal guardian to read and agree to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service before participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or accessing or using the LIG Materials.  Children under the age of 13 are prohibited from participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or from accessing or using the LIG Materials, unless their parent or legal guardian accepts and consents to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service as provided below.

2.2 Guardian Responsibility. If you are a parent or legal guardian of a minor (including any minor under the age of 13) that is in your custody or for whom you are legally responsible and that will participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission or access or use the LIG Materials (“Your Minor”), you hereby accept, on behalf of yourself and on behalf of Your Minor, these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. By participating in, or allowing Your Minor to participate in, any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or by accessing or using, or allowing Your Minor to access or use, the LIG Materials, you hereby agree, on behalf of yourself and Your Minor, to be legally bound by all the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including all access and use restrictions, rights and licenses pertaining to Feedback, Our Content, and User Content, and acknowledgements and disclaimers concerning Third-Party Services and Third-Party Materials. You further provide your express consent for Your Minor to participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission and to access and use the LIG Materials, and you represent and warrant that you will provide and maintain true, accurate, current, and complete information about yourself and Your Minor in connection with any such participation, access, or use.

2.3 Privacy. For more information on how we process data, and other information that you or Your Minor may provide to us or that we may otherwise collect, please see Section 3 of the Terms of Service and visit our Lean In Girls Privacy Policy.


3. Safety and Well-Being

You understand that, while using the LIG Materials, some users or participants in your programs may reach out to you with concerns about their safety or well-being or someone else’s safety or well-being. Your legal and ethical responsibilities will differ depending on a number of factors, including whether you are employed by a school or other organization, if you are performing as a volunteer, your professional responsibilities, and the state in which you reside. It is your responsibility to make sure that you are familiar with all responsibilities, including your organization’s policies and procedures and any applicable federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations. You understand that your use of the LIG Materials does not make you an employee or agent of SGB, and that you will not hold yourself out as such.

4. Not Legal Advice

The LIG Materials are provided for general information purposes only, on an “AS IS” basis, are not legal advice, and do not constitute any interpretation of any organizational policy or procedure, or any law, rule, or regulation. You may use the LIG Materials and any information or guidance included in the LIG Materials only in connection with the LIG Mission and according to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. You must not use or permit others to use the LIG Materials or any information or other guidance included in the LIG Materials, for any other purpose.

5. Warranty Disclaimer

PLEASE BE AWARE THAT PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS, INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES, AND GENERALLY ACCEPTED GUIDELINES MAY VARY GEOGRAPHICALLY AND MAY CHANGE OVER TIME.  AS A RESULT, THE LIG MATERIALS MAY NOT BE ACCURATE OR REFLECT BEST PRACTICES FOR A SPECIFIC COMMUNITY OR AT ANY GIVEN TIME. WHILE EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO ENSURE THE INTEGRITY OF THE LIG MATERIALS, SGB, LEANIN.ORG, LLC AND LEAN IN GIRLS, LLC GIVE NO, AND HEREBY DISCLAIM ALL, REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, COVENANTS, OR OTHER GUARANTEES WITH RESPECT TO THE LIG MATERIALS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF TITLE, QUALITY, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE


6. Damages Disclaimer

SGB WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO ANY ERROR, OMISSION, OR INACCURACY INCLUDED WITHIN, OR THE RELIABILITY OF, THE LIG MATERIALS, OR FOR YOUR OR ANY THIRD PARTY’S USE OR INTERPRETATION OF, OR RELIANCE ON, THE LIG MATERIALS.

7.  Emergencies

IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY RELATED TO YOUR USE OF THE LIG MATERIALS, DO NOT CONTACT SGB. IN SUCH SITUATIONS, YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR FOLLOWING ANY LAWS, RULES, OR REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO YOU, INCLUDING ANY ORGANIZATIONAL POLICIES OR PROCEDURES. 

8. Termination

SGB reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to restrict, suspend, or terminate your access to and use of the LIG Materials at any time, with or without prior notice, and to seek any remedies available to it at law, in equity, or under the Terms of Service.

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TERMS OF USE FOR LEAN IN GIRLS CURRICULUM

Your use of the Lean In Girls curriculum and any other materials that the Sandberg Goldberg Bernthal Family Foundation and its subsidiaries and affiliates including LeanIn.Org, LLC, and Lean In Girls, LLC (“SGB”) may make available to you on or through this website, including all related intellectual property and other proprietary rights of any kind (the “LIG Materials”) is subject to the terms below (the “LIG Terms”), in addition to the general terms available at leanin.org/terms (the “Terms of Service”). Capitalized terms used in these LIG Terms that are not otherwise defined have the meaning set forth in the Terms of Service. All of the provisions in the Terms of Service apply to the LIG Materials and are incorporated herein by reference. In the event of a conflict between the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, the provisions in these LIG Terms will control, but only with respect to the LIG Materials and not with respect to any other portion of Our Content. 

1. Use of the LIG Materials

1.1.  Ownership. You acknowledge that we own all right, title, and interest in and to the LIG Materials. Other than the rights granted in the Terms of Service and these LIG Terms, you have no right, title, or interest in or to the LIG Materials and we hereby expressly reserve all rights that are not granted under such terms.

1.2.  Use Rights. Subject to your compliance with these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including the use restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you may use the LIG Materials solely in furtherance of Lean In Girls’ mission of empowering girls, celebrating them as leaders, and inspiring them to lead boldly (the “LIG Mission”). You agree that you will use the LIG Materials solely for your personal, non-commercial purposes, and that you will not give any third party, whether directly or indirectly, access to the LIG Materials. The LIG Materials are not designed for people who want to create and sell courses and may not be sold or used to promote any particular service or product.

1.3. Additional Use Restrictions. In addition to the restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you acknowledge and agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, use the LIG Materials: (a) for any commercial or for-profit purpose, including selling or promoting any products or services; (b) in any manner that suggests that you are acting for or on behalf of SGB; (c) in any advertising, publicity releases, or promotional or marketing publications, or correspondence to third-party news sources or outlets without, in each case, securing SGB’s prior written consent; or (d) in any schools, educational institutions, or other facilities, unless you have secured all necessary consents, authorizations, or other approvals. You further agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, make any material alterations, modifications, or other changes, without SGB’s prior written consent, to any name, logo, trademark, or other proprietary indicia (including the SGB Trademarks) present on or appearing in the LIG Materials. You may not incorporate any materials or intellectual property owned by a third party into the LIG Materials without first obtaining the proper consent of the applicable third party. SGB will not be responsible for your use of any third party’s intellectual property or other proprietary rights in connection with the LIG Materials.

1.4  License Grant. By clicking the relevant box below indicting that you have read and agree to these LIG Terms, or by downloading, using, or accessing the LIG Materials, you hereby grant SGB a non-exclusive, revocable, royalty-free right and license to post, display, and use the name, logo, trademarks and service marks of you and any organization that you represent that uses the LIG Materials (“Your Marks”) on the Sites, SGB’s social media pages, and in other electronic communications, including in a list of any other organizations that have participated in the Lean In Girls program, in connection with SGB’s promotion of the LIG Mission or LIG Materials.  If you would like SGB to stop using Your Marks at any time, you must send a notice to SGB at the email address listed in Section 16 of the Terms of Service. Following SGB’s receipt of such notice, SGB will use reasonable efforts to remove Your Marks from the Sites and cease posting, displaying, and using Your Marks on SGB’s social media pages; provided that, SGB has no obligation to remove Your Marks from any archived versions of the Sites or from posts on SGB’s social media pages made prior to SGB’s receipt of your notice.

2. Use by Minors

2.1 Minors. SGB may make certain of our Services related to the LIG Mission, including access to and use of the LIG Materials, available to minors under the age of 13. If you are not yet of a legal age to form a binding contract, then you must get your parent or legal guardian to read and agree to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service before participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or accessing or using the LIG Materials.  Children under the age of 13 are prohibited from participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or from accessing or using the LIG Materials, unless their parent or legal guardian accepts and consents to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service as provided below.

2.2 Guardian Responsibility. If you are a parent or legal guardian of a minor (including any minor under the age of 13) that is in your custody or for whom you are legally responsible and that will participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission or access or use the LIG Materials (“Your Minor”), you hereby accept, on behalf of yourself and on behalf of Your Minor, these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. By participating in, or allowing Your Minor to participate in, any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or by accessing or using, or allowing Your Minor to access or use, the LIG Materials, you hereby agree, on behalf of yourself and Your Minor, to be legally bound by all the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including all access and use restrictions, rights and licenses pertaining to Feedback, Our Content, and User Content, and acknowledgements and disclaimers concerning Third-Party Services and Third-Party Materials. You further provide your express consent for Your Minor to participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission and to access and use the LIG Materials, and you represent and warrant that you will provide and maintain true, accurate, current, and complete information about yourself and Your Minor in connection with any such participation, access, or use.

2.3 Privacy. For more information on how we process data, and other information that you or Your Minor may provide to us or that we may otherwise collect, please see Section 3 of the Terms of Service and visit our Lean In Girls Privacy Policy.


3. Safety and Well-Being

You understand that, while using the LIG Materials, some users or participants in your programs may reach out to you with concerns about their safety or well-being or someone else’s safety or well-being. Your legal and ethical responsibilities will differ depending on a number of factors, including whether you are employed by a school or other organization, if you are performing as a volunteer, your professional responsibilities, and the state in which you reside. It is your responsibility to make sure that you are familiar with all responsibilities, including your organization’s policies and procedures and any applicable federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations. You understand that your use of the LIG Materials does not make you an employee or agent of SGB, and that you will not hold yourself out as such.

4. Not Legal Advice

The LIG Materials are provided for general information purposes only, on an “AS IS” basis, are not legal advice, and do not constitute any interpretation of any organizational policy or procedure, or any law, rule, or regulation. You may use the LIG Materials and any information or guidance included in the LIG Materials only in connection with the LIG Mission and according to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. You must not use or permit others to use the LIG Materials or any information or other guidance included in the LIG Materials, for any other purpose.

5. Warranty Disclaimer

PLEASE BE AWARE THAT PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS, INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES, AND GENERALLY ACCEPTED GUIDELINES MAY VARY GEOGRAPHICALLY AND MAY CHANGE OVER TIME.  AS A RESULT, THE LIG MATERIALS MAY NOT BE ACCURATE OR REFLECT BEST PRACTICES FOR A SPECIFIC COMMUNITY OR AT ANY GIVEN TIME. WHILE EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO ENSURE THE INTEGRITY OF THE LIG MATERIALS, SGB, LEANIN.ORG, LLC AND LEAN IN GIRLS, LLC GIVE NO, AND HEREBY DISCLAIM ALL, REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, COVENANTS, OR OTHER GUARANTEES WITH RESPECT TO THE LIG MATERIALS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF TITLE, QUALITY, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE


6. Damages Disclaimer

SGB WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO ANY ERROR, OMISSION, OR INACCURACY INCLUDED WITHIN, OR THE RELIABILITY OF, THE LIG MATERIALS, OR FOR YOUR OR ANY THIRD PARTY’S USE OR INTERPRETATION OF, OR RELIANCE ON, THE LIG MATERIALS.

7.  Emergencies

IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY RELATED TO YOUR USE OF THE LIG MATERIALS, DO NOT CONTACT SGB. IN SUCH SITUATIONS, YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR FOLLOWING ANY LAWS, RULES, OR REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO YOU, INCLUDING ANY ORGANIZATIONAL POLICIES OR PROCEDURES. 

8. Termination

SGB reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to restrict, suspend, or terminate your access to and use of the LIG Materials at any time, with or without prior notice, and to seek any remedies available to it at law, in equity, or under the Terms of Service.

Before you go, sign up to receive tips, advice and activities to help support girls in your life.

Parts 3 and 4 are designed for schools and organizations with experience delivering programming to teens. Facilitators must complete a one-hour training to access these sessions. If you are interested in learning more, please reach out to us at support@leaningirls.org.

How to Help Girls Embrace Failure And Take Positive Risks

Sophie Broxton has always been ambitious. At age seven, she started computer coding. At 12, she began teaching herself new languages, including Japanese and Haitian Creole. And by 13, she was writing a science-fiction book series.

Sophie’s appetite to pursue big goals appears to have no limits. But her mother, Samantha Broxton, says there is one thing that her now 14-year-old daughter does hesitate to do: take risks. “Sophie can be very risk averse,” said Samantha, who lives in Irvine, California. “She wants to do the right thing and get straight A’s. She has such a stark perfectionism, and that makes her nervous to try things.”

Sophie’s fear of failure is all too common among teenage girls across the world. No matter where they live, girls tend to worry more than boys do about mistakes and failures.1 And this pattern really matters, because failure is crucial to learning and growth, especially in adolescence.2

Girls tend to fear failure more than boys do in part because of the messages they get from adults. Adults tend to hold girls to higher standards than boys and may therefore criticize girls more often when they fall short, meaning that girls may be more likely to blame themselves when they make mistakes.3 “When girls fail, they tend to internalize it,” says Professor Francesca Borgonovi, author of the largest-ever study of girls and fear of failure. “But when boys fail, they are very comfortable attributing it to circumstances.”

Samantha Broxton with her daughter Sophie, 14

All of us can positively impact how girls see themselves and their possibilities. Here’s how adults can do this most effectively:

Foster a growth mindset 
Girls’ anxiety about failing is also fueled by “fixed mindset” messages: the belief that our abilities are innate and hard to change. A fixed mindset is often shared with girls through gender stereotypes, such as “girls are bad at math.”4

The antidote to a fixed mindset is a “growth mindset,” the belief that everyone can grow their abilities with persistence and effort. When all genders have a growth mindset, they are able to learn more effectively and take more positive risks. Fostering a growth mindset can start with celebrating all of the effort they put into different activities—especially when the payoff is not earning an A or winning the game. “Sophie had a year where she got almost all A's and one C in math,” said her mother, Samantha. “We celebrated that C so hard because she struggled in math and really earned it.”

Kassie Gray, who runs Female Footballers, a Bay Area nonprofit that mentors girls and women soccer players, explains how she coaches these skills: “We start small and tell players to add ‘yet’ to their negative self-talk: ‘I can’t do something—yet.’ We recommend that they don’t think, ‘I have to score today.’ Instead they think, ‘Today I can have an impact by doing X.’”

Reframe failure as a chance to learn
Adults can redefine failure as a growth opportunity by talking about times when they tried something that didn’t go well and naming what they learned. For example, they can talk about a project at work that didn’t go well and what they’d do differently next time.

If your girl tells you about a mistake she made, you can help her find the win by asking, “What did you learn?” says Samantha. “I taught my daughter that sometimes the mistakes are the best part of the journey, because wisdom comes from them.”

These conversations underscore that mistakes happen to everyone and aren’t the end of the world. In the same spirit, Gray tells the girls she coaches that slipups are utterly normal: “I always say, ‘Soccer is a game of mistakes.’”

Kassie Gray with the soccer-playing girls she coaches

FOR MORE: Check out the “Reframing Failure” session of our Lean In Girls program

Give them tools to rebound quickly from mistakes
If girls have techniques to quickly bounce back from missteps, these moments can sting less, making girls less likely to avoid them. “I teach girls to create a reset ritual to help them recover from a mistake in the moment,” says Gray. “You choose a phrase to say to yourself, then take a deep breath. And you combine that with a physical cue, like fixing your hair.”

Research shows that if a reset cue like this becomes a habit, it can quiet negative thoughts and help a girl to bring her best self to whatever happens next.

Encourage positive risks — while staying realistic
We often think of teens as taking risks with reckless abandon. But when it comes to many positive risks—such as taking a tough class—teens can be quite risk averse.5 However, these experiences are crucial for young people to establish their identities, discover their passions, and learn new skills.6 

Given girls’ elevated fear of failure, adults should help them feel safe taking positive risks. Parents can encourage them to focus on the positives of risk-taking by simply asking, “Can you tell me what could go right?”

FOR MORE: Check out the “What Could Go Right? Activity in  the  “Embrace Risk-Taking session of our Lean In Girls program.

When Sophie was 11, she became increasingly anxious during the COVID pandemic. To help address this, her mother came up with a year-long challenge, a list of positive risks called “100 Brave and Bold Things.” It included items like speaking up first when out with her family, organizing events with friends, or making s'mores over a bonfire. “The one hundred things helped," Samantha said. “Since then she’s really leaned in to new areas like languages, writing, and gymnastics.”

Help teens choose the right level of risk
It’s important not to gloss over the reality: messing up, by definition, has downsides as well as benefits. This makes it important for parents to stay involved and help girls calibrate the risks they take, so they don’t attempt something that would have too much downside. “Parents should keep up a dialogue about risk and help kids navigate it,” says Natasha Duell, a professor at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and an expert on teens and risk. “But the reality is that to succeed, you need to risk some types of failure.”

If you found this article helpful, take a look at two of our Lean In Girls sessions, “Reframe Failure” and “Embrace Risk-Taking.” In these one-hour meetings, you can take a small group of girls through empowering activities that provide them with more tools to redefine failure and benefit from taking positive risks.

Footnotes

1

Francesca Borgonovi and Seong Won Han, “Gender disparities in fear of failure among 15-year-old students: The role of gender inequality, the organization of schooling and economic conditions,” Journal of Adolescence 86 (2021), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33302248/.

2

F-Sophie Wach et al., “Sex differences in secondary school achievement—The contribution of self-perceived abilities and fear of failure,” Learning and Instruction 36 (2015), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959475215000067; Claudia Goldin, “Gender and the Undergraduate Economics Major: Notes on the Undergraduate Economics Major at a Highly Selective Liberal Arts College,” April 12, 2015,  https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/goldin/files/claudia_gender_paper.pdf; Peter Arcidiacono, “Equilibrium Grading Policies with Implications for Female Interest in STEM Courses,” Econometrica 92, no. 3 (May 2024): 849–80.

3

Karen D. Rudolph and Colleen S. Conley, “The Socioemotional Costs and Benefits of Social-Evaluative Concerns: Do Girls Care Too Much?,” Journal of Personality 83 (2005); Borgonovi and Han, “Gender disparities in fear of failure among 15-year-old students.”

4

Jessica L. Degol, Ming-Te Wang, Ya Zhang, and Julie Allerton, “Do Growth Mindsets in Math Benefit Females? Identifying Pathways Between Gender, Mindset, and Motivation,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47 (2018), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-017-0739-8; C. S. Dweck, “Is Math a Gift? Beliefs That Put Females at Risk,” in S. J. Ceci and W. M. Williams, eds., Why Aren't More Women in Science? Top Researchers Debate the Evidence (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2007), https://doi.org/10.1037/11546-004.

5

Natasha Duell, personal communication, July 17, 2024.

6

Natasha Duell and Laurence Steinberg, “Adolescents take positive risks, too,” Developmental Review 62 (2021).