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TERMS OF USE FOR LEAN IN GIRLS CURRICULUM

Your use of the Lean In Girls curriculum and any other materials that the Sandberg Goldberg Bernthal Family Foundation and its subsidiaries and affiliates including LeanIn.Org, LLC, and Lean In Girls, LLC (“SGB”) may make available to you on or through this website, including all related intellectual property and other proprietary rights of any kind (the “LIG Materials”) is subject to the terms below (the “LIG Terms”), in addition to the general terms available at leanin.org/terms (the “Terms of Service”). Capitalized terms used in these LIG Terms that are not otherwise defined have the meaning set forth in the Terms of Service. All of the provisions in the Terms of Service apply to the LIG Materials and are incorporated herein by reference. In the event of a conflict between the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, the provisions in these LIG Terms will control, but only with respect to the LIG Materials and not with respect to any other portion of Our Content. 

1. Use of the LIG Materials

1.1.  Ownership. You acknowledge that we own all right, title, and interest in and to the LIG Materials. Other than the rights granted in the Terms of Service and these LIG Terms, you have no right, title, or interest in or to the LIG Materials and we hereby expressly reserve all rights that are not granted under such terms.

1.2.  Use Rights. Subject to your compliance with these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including the use restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you may use the LIG Materials solely in furtherance of Lean In Girls’ mission of empowering girls, celebrating them as leaders, and inspiring them to lead boldly (the “LIG Mission”). You agree that you will use the LIG Materials solely for your personal, non-commercial purposes, and that you will not give any third party, whether directly or indirectly, access to the LIG Materials. The LIG Materials are not designed for people who want to create and sell courses and may not be sold or used to promote any particular service or product.

1.3. Additional Use Restrictions. In addition to the restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you acknowledge and agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, use the LIG Materials: (a) for any commercial or for-profit purpose, including selling or promoting any products or services; (b) in any manner that suggests that you are acting for or on behalf of SGB; (c) in any advertising, publicity releases, or promotional or marketing publications, or correspondence to third-party news sources or outlets without, in each case, securing SGB’s prior written consent; or (d) in any schools, educational institutions, or other facilities, unless you have secured all necessary consents, authorizations, or other approvals. You further agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, make any material alterations, modifications, or other changes, without SGB’s prior written consent, to any name, logo, trademark, or other proprietary indicia (including the SGB Trademarks) present on or appearing in the LIG Materials. You may not incorporate any materials or intellectual property owned by a third party into the LIG Materials without first obtaining the proper consent of the applicable third party. SGB will not be responsible for your use of any third party’s intellectual property or other proprietary rights in connection with the LIG Materials.

1.4  License Grant. By clicking the relevant box below indicting that you have read and agree to these LIG Terms, or by downloading, using, or accessing the LIG Materials, you hereby grant SGB a non-exclusive, revocable, royalty-free right and license to post, display, and use the name, logo, trademarks and service marks of you and any organization that you represent that uses the LIG Materials (“Your Marks”) on the Sites, SGB’s social media pages, and in other electronic communications, including in a list of any other organizations that have participated in the Lean In Girls program, in connection with SGB’s promotion of the LIG Mission or LIG Materials.  If you would like SGB to stop using Your Marks at any time, you must send a notice to SGB at the email address listed in Section 16 of the Terms of Service. Following SGB’s receipt of such notice, SGB will use reasonable efforts to remove Your Marks from the Sites and cease posting, displaying, and using Your Marks on SGB’s social media pages; provided that, SGB has no obligation to remove Your Marks from any archived versions of the Sites or from posts on SGB’s social media pages made prior to SGB’s receipt of your notice.

2. Use by Minors

2.1 Minors. SGB may make certain of our Services related to the LIG Mission, including access to and use of the LIG Materials, available to minors under the age of 13. If you are not yet of a legal age to form a binding contract, then you must get your parent or legal guardian to read and agree to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service before participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or accessing or using the LIG Materials.  Children under the age of 13 are prohibited from participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or from accessing or using the LIG Materials, unless their parent or legal guardian accepts and consents to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service as provided below.

2.2 Guardian Responsibility. If you are a parent or legal guardian of a minor (including any minor under the age of 13) that is in your custody or for whom you are legally responsible and that will participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission or access or use the LIG Materials (“Your Minor”), you hereby accept, on behalf of yourself and on behalf of Your Minor, these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. By participating in, or allowing Your Minor to participate in, any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or by accessing or using, or allowing Your Minor to access or use, the LIG Materials, you hereby agree, on behalf of yourself and Your Minor, to be legally bound by all the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including all access and use restrictions, rights and licenses pertaining to Feedback, Our Content, and User Content, and acknowledgements and disclaimers concerning Third-Party Services and Third-Party Materials. You further provide your express consent for Your Minor to participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission and to access and use the LIG Materials, and you represent and warrant that you will provide and maintain true, accurate, current, and complete information about yourself and Your Minor in connection with any such participation, access, or use.

2.3 Privacy. For more information on how we process data, and other information that you or Your Minor may provide to us or that we may otherwise collect, please see Section 3 of the Terms of Service and visit our Lean In Girls Privacy Policy.


3. Safety and Well-Being

You understand that, while using the LIG Materials, some users or participants in your programs may reach out to you with concerns about their safety or well-being or someone else’s safety or well-being. Your legal and ethical responsibilities will differ depending on a number of factors, including whether you are employed by a school or other organization, if you are performing as a volunteer, your professional responsibilities, and the state in which you reside. It is your responsibility to make sure that you are familiar with all responsibilities, including your organization’s policies and procedures and any applicable federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations. You understand that your use of the LIG Materials does not make you an employee or agent of SGB, and that you will not hold yourself out as such.

4. Not Legal Advice

The LIG Materials are provided for general information purposes only, on an “AS IS” basis, are not legal advice, and do not constitute any interpretation of any organizational policy or procedure, or any law, rule, or regulation. You may use the LIG Materials and any information or guidance included in the LIG Materials only in connection with the LIG Mission and according to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. You must not use or permit others to use the LIG Materials or any information or other guidance included in the LIG Materials, for any other purpose.

5. Warranty Disclaimer

PLEASE BE AWARE THAT PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS, INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES, AND GENERALLY ACCEPTED GUIDELINES MAY VARY GEOGRAPHICALLY AND MAY CHANGE OVER TIME.  AS A RESULT, THE LIG MATERIALS MAY NOT BE ACCURATE OR REFLECT BEST PRACTICES FOR A SPECIFIC COMMUNITY OR AT ANY GIVEN TIME. WHILE EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO ENSURE THE INTEGRITY OF THE LIG MATERIALS, SGB, LEANIN.ORG, LLC AND LEAN IN GIRLS, LLC GIVE NO, AND HEREBY DISCLAIM ALL, REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, COVENANTS, OR OTHER GUARANTEES WITH RESPECT TO THE LIG MATERIALS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF TITLE, QUALITY, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE


6. Damages Disclaimer

SGB WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO ANY ERROR, OMISSION, OR INACCURACY INCLUDED WITHIN, OR THE RELIABILITY OF, THE LIG MATERIALS, OR FOR YOUR OR ANY THIRD PARTY’S USE OR INTERPRETATION OF, OR RELIANCE ON, THE LIG MATERIALS.

7.  Emergencies

IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY RELATED TO YOUR USE OF THE LIG MATERIALS, DO NOT CONTACT SGB. IN SUCH SITUATIONS, YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR FOLLOWING ANY LAWS, RULES, OR REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO YOU, INCLUDING ANY ORGANIZATIONAL POLICIES OR PROCEDURES. 

8. Termination

SGB reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to restrict, suspend, or terminate your access to and use of the LIG Materials at any time, with or without prior notice, and to seek any remedies available to it at law, in equity, or under the Terms of Service.

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TERMS OF USE FOR LEAN IN GIRLS CURRICULUM

Your use of the Lean In Girls curriculum and any other materials that the Sandberg Goldberg Bernthal Family Foundation and its subsidiaries and affiliates including LeanIn.Org, LLC, and Lean In Girls, LLC (“SGB”) may make available to you on or through this website, including all related intellectual property and other proprietary rights of any kind (the “LIG Materials”) is subject to the terms below (the “LIG Terms”), in addition to the general terms available at leanin.org/terms (the “Terms of Service”). Capitalized terms used in these LIG Terms that are not otherwise defined have the meaning set forth in the Terms of Service. All of the provisions in the Terms of Service apply to the LIG Materials and are incorporated herein by reference. In the event of a conflict between the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, the provisions in these LIG Terms will control, but only with respect to the LIG Materials and not with respect to any other portion of Our Content. 

1. Use of the LIG Materials

1.1.  Ownership. You acknowledge that we own all right, title, and interest in and to the LIG Materials. Other than the rights granted in the Terms of Service and these LIG Terms, you have no right, title, or interest in or to the LIG Materials and we hereby expressly reserve all rights that are not granted under such terms.

1.2.  Use Rights. Subject to your compliance with these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including the use restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you may use the LIG Materials solely in furtherance of Lean In Girls’ mission of empowering girls, celebrating them as leaders, and inspiring them to lead boldly (the “LIG Mission”). You agree that you will use the LIG Materials solely for your personal, non-commercial purposes, and that you will not give any third party, whether directly or indirectly, access to the LIG Materials. The LIG Materials are not designed for people who want to create and sell courses and may not be sold or used to promote any particular service or product.

1.3. Additional Use Restrictions. In addition to the restrictions set forth in the Terms of Service, you acknowledge and agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, use the LIG Materials: (a) for any commercial or for-profit purpose, including selling or promoting any products or services; (b) in any manner that suggests that you are acting for or on behalf of SGB; (c) in any advertising, publicity releases, or promotional or marketing publications, or correspondence to third-party news sources or outlets without, in each case, securing SGB’s prior written consent; or (d) in any schools, educational institutions, or other facilities, unless you have secured all necessary consents, authorizations, or other approvals. You further agree that you will not, and will not permit others to, make any material alterations, modifications, or other changes, without SGB’s prior written consent, to any name, logo, trademark, or other proprietary indicia (including the SGB Trademarks) present on or appearing in the LIG Materials. You may not incorporate any materials or intellectual property owned by a third party into the LIG Materials without first obtaining the proper consent of the applicable third party. SGB will not be responsible for your use of any third party’s intellectual property or other proprietary rights in connection with the LIG Materials.

1.4  License Grant. By clicking the relevant box below indicting that you have read and agree to these LIG Terms, or by downloading, using, or accessing the LIG Materials, you hereby grant SGB a non-exclusive, revocable, royalty-free right and license to post, display, and use the name, logo, trademarks and service marks of you and any organization that you represent that uses the LIG Materials (“Your Marks”) on the Sites, SGB’s social media pages, and in other electronic communications, including in a list of any other organizations that have participated in the Lean In Girls program, in connection with SGB’s promotion of the LIG Mission or LIG Materials.  If you would like SGB to stop using Your Marks at any time, you must send a notice to SGB at the email address listed in Section 16 of the Terms of Service. Following SGB’s receipt of such notice, SGB will use reasonable efforts to remove Your Marks from the Sites and cease posting, displaying, and using Your Marks on SGB’s social media pages; provided that, SGB has no obligation to remove Your Marks from any archived versions of the Sites or from posts on SGB’s social media pages made prior to SGB’s receipt of your notice.

2. Use by Minors

2.1 Minors. SGB may make certain of our Services related to the LIG Mission, including access to and use of the LIG Materials, available to minors under the age of 13. If you are not yet of a legal age to form a binding contract, then you must get your parent or legal guardian to read and agree to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service before participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or accessing or using the LIG Materials.  Children under the age of 13 are prohibited from participating in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or from accessing or using the LIG Materials, unless their parent or legal guardian accepts and consents to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service as provided below.

2.2 Guardian Responsibility. If you are a parent or legal guardian of a minor (including any minor under the age of 13) that is in your custody or for whom you are legally responsible and that will participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission or access or use the LIG Materials (“Your Minor”), you hereby accept, on behalf of yourself and on behalf of Your Minor, these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. By participating in, or allowing Your Minor to participate in, any of our Services related to the LIG Mission, or by accessing or using, or allowing Your Minor to access or use, the LIG Materials, you hereby agree, on behalf of yourself and Your Minor, to be legally bound by all the provisions in these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service, including all access and use restrictions, rights and licenses pertaining to Feedback, Our Content, and User Content, and acknowledgements and disclaimers concerning Third-Party Services and Third-Party Materials. You further provide your express consent for Your Minor to participate in any of our Services related to the LIG Mission and to access and use the LIG Materials, and you represent and warrant that you will provide and maintain true, accurate, current, and complete information about yourself and Your Minor in connection with any such participation, access, or use.

2.3 Privacy. For more information on how we process data, and other information that you or Your Minor may provide to us or that we may otherwise collect, please see Section 3 of the Terms of Service and visit our Lean In Girls Privacy Policy.


3. Safety and Well-Being

You understand that, while using the LIG Materials, some users or participants in your programs may reach out to you with concerns about their safety or well-being or someone else’s safety or well-being. Your legal and ethical responsibilities will differ depending on a number of factors, including whether you are employed by a school or other organization, if you are performing as a volunteer, your professional responsibilities, and the state in which you reside. It is your responsibility to make sure that you are familiar with all responsibilities, including your organization’s policies and procedures and any applicable federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations. You understand that your use of the LIG Materials does not make you an employee or agent of SGB, and that you will not hold yourself out as such.

4. Not Legal Advice

The LIG Materials are provided for general information purposes only, on an “AS IS” basis, are not legal advice, and do not constitute any interpretation of any organizational policy or procedure, or any law, rule, or regulation. You may use the LIG Materials and any information or guidance included in the LIG Materials only in connection with the LIG Mission and according to these LIG Terms and the Terms of Service. You must not use or permit others to use the LIG Materials or any information or other guidance included in the LIG Materials, for any other purpose.

5. Warranty Disclaimer

PLEASE BE AWARE THAT PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS, INDUSTRY BEST PRACTICES, AND GENERALLY ACCEPTED GUIDELINES MAY VARY GEOGRAPHICALLY AND MAY CHANGE OVER TIME.  AS A RESULT, THE LIG MATERIALS MAY NOT BE ACCURATE OR REFLECT BEST PRACTICES FOR A SPECIFIC COMMUNITY OR AT ANY GIVEN TIME. WHILE EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO ENSURE THE INTEGRITY OF THE LIG MATERIALS, SGB, LEANIN.ORG, LLC AND LEAN IN GIRLS, LLC GIVE NO, AND HEREBY DISCLAIM ALL, REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, COVENANTS, OR OTHER GUARANTEES WITH RESPECT TO THE LIG MATERIALS, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF TITLE, QUALITY, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE


6. Damages Disclaimer

SGB WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO ANY ERROR, OMISSION, OR INACCURACY INCLUDED WITHIN, OR THE RELIABILITY OF, THE LIG MATERIALS, OR FOR YOUR OR ANY THIRD PARTY’S USE OR INTERPRETATION OF, OR RELIANCE ON, THE LIG MATERIALS.

7.  Emergencies

IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY RELATED TO YOUR USE OF THE LIG MATERIALS, DO NOT CONTACT SGB. IN SUCH SITUATIONS, YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR FOLLOWING ANY LAWS, RULES, OR REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO YOU, INCLUDING ANY ORGANIZATIONAL POLICIES OR PROCEDURES. 

8. Termination

SGB reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to restrict, suspend, or terminate your access to and use of the LIG Materials at any time, with or without prior notice, and to seek any remedies available to it at law, in equity, or under the Terms of Service.

Before you go, sign up to receive tips, advice and activities to help support girls in your life.

Parts 3 and 4 are designed for schools and organizations with experience delivering programming to teens. Facilitators must complete a one-hour training to access these sessions. If you are interested in learning more, please reach out to us at support@leaningirls.org.

HOW TO TALK TO YOUR GIRLS ABOUT GENDER BIAS

Parents are talking to their girls about this important topic—but are they having the right conversations?

Sammi Scranton-Goldberg often talks to her nine- and 13-year-old daughters about gender bias. Sometimes, the conversation happens during a movie when a woman character is stereotyped as helpless and in need of rescue. Other times, she says something to her girls after a man cuts off a woman in the supermarket line.

“Talking to girls about gender bias unfortunately has to start early,” says Scranton-Goldberg, a mom and gymnastics coach from Livermore, California. “We have to teach girls to be ready to stand up for themselves.”

Scranton-Goldberg’s willingness to discuss gender bias with her kids is common: 76 percent of parents have had at least one conversation with their child about this topic, according to a recent survey of more than 2,000 parents with children aged nine to 17 by LeanIn.Org and SurveyMonkey.1 These discussions are also happening frequently, with more than half of parents reporting they have brought up gender bias with their children in the past month.

Yet unlike Scranton-Goldberg, most parents don’t believe gender bias will negatively impact their daughters’ futures. Only one in six parents surveyed think their daughter has been or will be treated unfairly because of her gender. And only one in four parents of girls believe that gender will limit their daughters’ career path.

In reality, most girls experience unfair treatment from an early age. For example, teachers consistently rate girls’ STEM abilities lower than boys’, on average, even when girls are equally gifted.2 And when racism is combined with gender bias, it leads teachers to unfairly rate some girls’ STEM abilities even lower—such as those of Black and Latina girls.3  As a result, fewer girls pursue STEM in college, even if they would like to.4 

Parents’ unawareness of the lasting impact of gender bias on girls can have unintended consequences. Only two in five parents discuss with their daughters how gender bias might impact them personally. But experts agree that for girls to thrive, parents need to have these harder—but vital—conversations about what gender bias looks like and what to do when they encounter it.

That’s why these discussions are at the heart of our Lean In Girls program, which balances creating awareness about the barriers girls will confront with offering messages of empowerment. Caregivers can broach these topics with the girls in their lives in everyday ways. 

Here are some ideas for getting started: 

Get real with girls 

Parents should talk regularly about the existence of bias and how it shows up so that girls recognize it when it happens and don’t blame themselves for experiencing it. “Perhaps the least helpful thing parents can do is pretend it doesn’t exist,” says Shauna Pomerantz, a professor at Brock University and expert on child development. “This will only fuel frustration and disappointment when their daughters inevitably encounter it.” 

Parents might worry that talk of bias will discourage their daughters, but it actually empowers them and helps build their self-esteem as they grow into adults. Girls who hear messages from caregivers about the realities of gender bias tend to have better outcomes than those who don’t, says Seanna Leath, professor of psychology at Washington University in St. Louis.

It’s also helpful for girls to hear about their parents’ experiences of bias. By talking about how they navigated unfair treatment, parents can model for girls how to handle these situations themselves. Scranton-Goldberg does just that by talking about her experience as a women’s gymnastics coach: “At some competitions, the men coaches will try to overstep me. I’ve talked to my daughters about how I handle that and step up and ask for what my athletes need.” 

Sammi Scranton-Goldberg with her husband and two daughters, nine and 13, and her 19-year-old stepdaughter.

Sammi Scranton-Goldberg with her husband and two daughters, nine and 13, and her 19-year-old stepdaughter.

Balance real talk with messages of empowerment 

It’s important to pair conversations about gender bias with a discussion of girls’ strengths. “When parents focus too much on preparation for bias, it can harm girls’ mental health outcomes,” says Professor Leath. “Yes, acknowledge that there’s discrimination. But make sure your girls take pride in their accomplishments. Talk about how they can have a positive impact on the world.

Affirming messages should focus on girls’ concrete achievements, abilities, and future options. In contrast, vague and excessive praise, like telling girls, “You can do or be anything,” as over half the parents in LeanIn.Org’s survey do, can set unrealistic standards and contribute to perfectionism.

Find conversation starters in everyday life

Parents should be on the lookout for natural opportunities to talk about gender bias. You can notice and point out gendered dynamics in your kids’ stories about school or in shows and movies you watch together. “It’s about dropping nuggets when kids are feeling open to conversations, instead of lecturing,” says Professor Leath.

Unsurprisingly, mothers are more likely than fathers to talk to their daughters about this topic: only one in three fathers have ever talked about gender bias with their daughters. But men play a crucial role by showing their daughters that gender bias is worth taking seriously.

Josh Griggs, the father of two girls, age ten and 12, living in Atlanta, tries to be attuned to gender bias in his daughters’ experiences so he can help them recognize and combat it. When his older daughter came home talking about a boy who was “smarter” than her at school, he saw an opportunity to explain performance bias: our tendency to underestimate girls’ abilities and overestimate boys’.

“She was reading at the same level as he was,” says Griggs. “I wanted her to understand sometimes boys come off really confident and act like they’re smarter than you, but you are just as smart and capable.” 

Josh Griggs with his wife and daughters.

Josh Griggs with his wife and daughters.

If your kids aren’t starting the conversations themselves, Professor Leath recommends that parents look for ways to weave gender bias into conversations based on their kids’ interests. 

“Parents can point out that women’s sports receive less attention than men’s, and ask their kids, ‘Why do you think that might be the case?’ Or if your kids are interested in aerospace, you can tell them about women astronauts and mention how in the past, they weren’t allowed to work in most roles at NASA.”

Validate girls’ experiences and problem-solve together

It’s critical to listen actively and believe girls when they recount an experience of unfairness. “It can be really harmful when parents second-guess what daughters tell them,” says Professor Leath. “I’ve heard girls say, ‘My mom told me it wasn’t a big deal when that boy kept popping my bra strap. She said it was because he liked me.'”

Beyond thoughtful listening, try to help your girls problem-solve. This allows them to practice honing their skills in responding to bias, and it means they can experience self-efficacy—the feeling that they are capable of doing hard things. 

Scranton-Goldberg took this approach when her seventh grader shared that her PE teacher, a man, only picked boys to demonstrate skills, like doing a pushup. She encouraged her daughter to volunteer to demonstrate something herself and see what happened. 

“She raised her hand the next day and her teacher called on her,” said Scranton-Goldberg. “Since then he’s asked, ‘Who wants to volunteer?’ instead of just picking boys.”

If you found this article valuable, check out our “Challenging Stereotypes” session. In about an hour, you can take a small group of girls through a series of activities and discussions that go deeper on how to recognize, reframe, and push back against stereotypes and what girls can and can’t do.

Footnotes

1

This LeanIn.Org | SurveyMonkey parents and gender bias poll was conducted online from November 8-27, 2023 among a national sample of 2,036 parents of children ages 9-17. Respondents for this survey were selected from the more than 2 million people who take surveys on the SurveyMonkey platform each day. Additional respondents from the SurveyMonkey Audience panel were included to obtain additional sample with quotas for Hispanic fathers. Respondents with multiple children were randomly assigned to answer questions about only one of their children. The modeled error estimate for this survey is plus or minus 2.5 percentage points. Data have been weighted for age, race, sex, education, and geography using the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey to reflect the demographic composition of the United States age 18 and over.

2

Joseph P. Robinson-Cimpian et al., “Teachers’ perceptions of students’ mathematics proficiency may exacerbate early gender gaps in achievement,” Developmental Psychology 50, no. 4 (2014), https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Teachers%27-perceptions-of-students%27-mathematics-may-Robinson-Cimpian-Lubienski/0709f13ba582e510689449b942610a5218761461?p2df; Joseph P. Robinson-Cimpian et al., “Have Gender Gaps in Math Closed? Achievement, Teacher Perceptions, and Learning Behaviors Across Two ECLS-K Cohorts,” AERA Open 2, no. 4 (2016), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2332858416673617.

3

Yasemin Copur-Gencturk et al., “Teachers’ Bias Against the Mathematical Ability of Female, Black, and Hispanic Students,” Educational Researcher 49, no. 1 (2019), https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3102/0013189X19890577.

4

Victor Lavy and Edith Sand, “On the Origins of Gender Human Capital Gaps: Short and Long Term Consequences of Teachers’ Stereotypical Biases,” NBER Working Papers 20909, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015, https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/20909.html; Thomas S. Dee, “Teachers and the Gender Gaps in Student Achievement,” The Journal of Human Resources 42, no. 3 (Summer 2007), https://www.jstor.org/stable/40057317.